- Mitochondrial physiology
Gnaiger E et al ― MitoEAGLE Task Group (2020) Mitochondrial physiology. Bioenerg Commun 2020.1. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0001.v1 |
» Bioenerg Commun 2020.1. published online 2020-05-20
Author affiliations in hyperlinks:, Gnaiger Erich, Aasander Frostner Eleonor, Abdul Karim Norwahidah, Abdel-Rahman Engy Ali, Abumrad Nada A, Acuna-Castroviejo Dario, Adiele Reginald C, Ahn Bumsoo, Alencar Mayke Bezerra, Ali Sameh S, Almeida Angeles, Alton Lesley, Alves Marco G, Amati Francesca, Amoedo Nivea Dias, Amorim Ricardo, Anderson Ethan J, Andreadou Ioanna, Antunes Diana, Arago Marc, Aral Cenk, Arandarcikaite Odeta, Arias-Reyes Christian, Armand Anne-Sophie, Arnould Thierry, Avram Vlad F, Axelrod Christopher L, Bailey Damian M, Bairam Aida, Bajpeyi Sudip, Bajzikova Martina, Bakker Barbara M, Banni Aml, Bardal Tora, Barlow J, Bastos Sant'Anna Silva Ana Carolina, Batterson Philip M, Battino Maurizio, Bazil Jason N, Beard Daniel A, Bednarczyk Piotr, Beleza Jorge, Bello Fiona, Ben-Shachar Dorit, Bento Guida Jose Freitas, Bergdahl Andreas, Berge Rolf K, Bergmeister Lisa, Bernardi Paolo, Berridge Michael V, Bettinazzi Stefano, Bishop David J, Blier Pierre U, Blindheim Dan Filip, Boardman Neoma T, Boetker Hans Erik, Borchard Sabine, Boros Mihaly, Borsheim Elisabet, Borras Consuelo, Borutaite Vilma, Botella Javier, Bouillaud Frederic, Bouitbir Jamal, Boushel Robert C, Bovard Josh, Bravo-Sagua Roberto, Breton Sophie, Brown David A, Brown Guy C, Brown Robert Andrew, Brozinick Joseph T, Buettner Garry R, Burtscher Johannes, Bustos Matilde, Calabria Elisa, Calbet Jose AL, Calzia Enrico, Cannon Daniel T, Cano Sanchez Maria Consolacion, Canto Alvarez Carles, Cardinale Daniele A, Cardoso Luiza HD, Carvalho Eugenia, Casado Pinna Marta, Cassar Samantha, Castelo Rueda Maria Paulina, Castilho Roger F, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque Joao Paulo, Cecatto Cristiane, Celen Murat C, Cervinkova Zuzana, Chabi Beatrice, Chakrabarti Lisa, Chakrabarti Sasanka, Chaurasia Bhagirath, Chen Quan, Chicco Adam J, Chinopoulos Christos, Chowdhury Subir Kumar, Cizmarova Beata, Clementi Emilio, Coen Paul M, Cohen Bruce H, Coker Robert H, Collin-Chenot Anne, Coughlan Melinda T, Coxito Pedro, 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Pedersen Tina M, Perales Jose Carles, Pereira da Silva Grilo da Silva Filomena, Pereira Rita, Pereira Susana P, Perez Valencia Juan Alberto, Perks Kara L, Pesta Dominik, Petit Patrice X, Pettersen Nitschke Ina Katrine, Pichaud Nicolas, Pichler Irene, Piel Sarah, Pietka Terri A, Pinho Sonia A, Pino Maria F, Pirkmajer Sergej, Place Nicolas, Plangger Mario, Porter Craig, Porter Richard K, Preguica Ines, Prigione Alessandro, Procaccio Vincent, Prochownik Edward V, Prola Alexandre, Pulinilkunnil Thomas, Puskarich Michael A, Puurand Marju, Radenkovic Filip, Ramzan Rabia, Rattan Suresh IS, Reano Simone, Reboredo-Rodriguez Patricia, Rees Bernard B, Renner-Sattler Kathrin, Rial Eduardo, Robinson Matthew M, Roden Michael, Rodrigues Ana Sofia, Rodriguez Enrique, Rodriguez-Enriquez Sara, Roesland Gro Vatne, Rohlena Jakub, Rolo Anabela Pinto, Ropelle Eduardo R, Roshanravan Baback, Rossignol Rodrigue, Rossiter Harry B, Rousar Tomas, Rubelj Ivica, Rybacka-Mossakowska Joanna, Saada Reisch Ann, Safaei 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Karlis, Villena Josep A, Vincent Vinnyfred, Vinogradov Andrey D, Viscomi Carlo, Vitorino Rui Miguel Pinheiro, Vlachaki Walker Julia, Vogt Sebastian, Volani Chiara, Volska Kristine, Votion Dominique-Marie, Vujacic-Mirski Ksenija, Wagner Brett A, Ward Marie Louise, Warnsmann Verena, Wasserman David H, Watala Cezary, Wei Yau-Huei, Weinberger Klaus M, Weissig Volkmar, White Sarah Haverty, Whitfield Jamie, Wickert Anika, Wieckowski Mariusz R, Wiesner Rudolf J, Williams Caroline M, Winwood-Smith Hugh, Wohlgemuth Stephanie E, Wohlwend Martin, Wolff Jonci Nikolai, Wrutniak-Cabello Chantal, Wuest Rob CI, Yokota Takashi, Zablocki Krzysztof, Zanon Alessandra, Zanou Nadege, Zaugg Kathrin, Zaugg Michael, Zdrazilova Lucie, Zhang Yong, Zhang Yizhu, Zikova Alena, Zischka Hans, Zorzano Antonio, Zujovic Tijana, Zurmanova Jitka, Zvejniece Liga (2020) Bioenerg Commun
Abstract: doi:10.26124/bec:2020-0001.v1
- Versions (v1) 2020-05-20 - »Link to all versions«
As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery.
• Bioblast editor: Gnaiger E
Keywords—MitoPedia
- • Cell count • Coupling-control ratio • Electron transfer pathway • Flow • Flux • Flux control ratio • IUPAC • LEAK respiration • Mitochondrial marker • Mitochondrial preparations • Respiratory states • Normalization of rate • Oxidative phosphorylation • Oxygen • Phosphorylation efficiency • Protonmotive force • Residual oxygen consumption • SI - The International System of Units • Uncoupling
Keywords—MitoPedia - >>>>>>> - Click on [Expand] or [Collapse] - >>>>>>>
Keywords—MitoPedia, including Table 8. Terms, symbols, and units. SI base units are used, except for the liter [L = dm3]. SI refers to ref. [11].
Term | Link to MitoPedia term | Symbol | Unit | Links and comments |
---|---|---|---|---|
adenosine diphosphate | ADP | ADP | - | Tab. 1; Fig. 1, 2, 5 |
adenosine monophosphate | AMP | AMP | - | 2 ADP ↔ ATP+AMP |
adenosine triphosphate | ATP | ATP | - | Fig. 2, 5 |
adenylates | Adenine nucleotides | AMP, ADP, ATP | - | Section 2.5.1 |
alternative quinol oxidase | Alternative oxidase | AOX | - | Fig. 1B |
amount of substance B | Amount | nB or n(B) | [mol] | SI; amount nB of B versus count NB of B |
ATP yield per O2 | ATP yield | YP»/O2 | 1 | P»/O2 ratio measured in any respiratory state |
catabolic rate of respiration | Cell respiration | JkO2; IkO2 | varies | Fig. 1, 3; flux J versus flow I |
catabolic reaction | Cell respiration | k | - | Fig. 1, 3 |
cell count | Count | Nce | [x] | Tab. 4; Fig. 5; see number of cells; countable object s=ce |
cell-count concentration | Concentration | Cce | [x∙L-1] | Tab. 4; Cce = Nce∙V-1; count concentration C versus amount concentration c; subscript ce indicates the entity type: concentration of ce. But it does not signal 'per entity', which would be written as 'per cell' Xce. |
cell mass | Body mass | mce | [kg] | Tab. 5; Fig. 5; mass of cells m versus mass per cell (per single entity cell) MXce |
cell mass, mass per cell | Body mass | MXce | [kg∙x-1] | Tab. 5; Fig. 5; mass per single cell MXce; upper case M and subscript X signal 'per count', subscript ce signals the entity s=ce; in a context restricted to cells or molecules or a particular organism such as humans, the abbreviated symbol M [kg∙x-1] provides a sufficiently informative signal, particularly in combination with the explicit unit. |
cell-mass concentration in chamber | Concentration | Cmce | [kg∙L-1] | see Cms: Tab. 4; Cmce = mce∙V-1; upper case C alone would signal 'count concentration' (CN is more explicit), whereas the signal for 'mass concentration' is in the combination Cm. |
cell viability index | Cell viability | VI | - | VI = Nvce∙Nce-1 = 1 - Ndce∙Nce-1 |
charge number per entity XB | Charge number | zB | 1 | zB = QB·e-1 (IUPAC); Tab. 6; zO2 = = QO2·e-1 = 4; IUPAC uses the term 'charge number of an ion' which should be changed to 'charge number per ion', or more clearly to 'charge number per ion number'. The symbol z carries the message 'number of elementary charges per number', and the subscript carries the message on the type of entity X. |
Complexes I to IV | Complex I | CI to CIV | - | respiratory ET Complexes are redox proton pumps; Fig. 1B; F1FO-ATPase is not a redox proton pump of the ETS, hence the term CV is not recommended |
concentration of B, amount | Concentration | cB = NB∙V-1 | [mol∙L-1] | SI: amount of substance concentration Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book; the molar and count formats are distinguished as nB and NB, respectively. |
concentration of O2, amount | Concentration | cO2 = nO2∙V-1 | [mol∙L-1] | Box 2; [O2] |
concentration of s, count | Concentration | Cs = Ns∙V-1 | [x∙L-1] Tab. 4 (number concentration Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book); the signal for count concentration is given by the upper case C in contrast to c for amount concentration. In both cases, the subscript X indicates the entity type, not to be confused with a number of entities. | |
count format | Format | N | [x] | Tab. 4, 5; Fig. 5 |
count of Xs | Count | Ns | [x] | SI; see number of entities Xs |
coupling control | Coupling-control ratio | CCR | - | Section 2.4.1 |
coupling control state | Coupling control state | CCS | - | Section 2.4.1 |
dead cells | Cell viability | dce | - | Tab. 5 |
electrical format | Format | e | [C] | Tab. 6 |
electron transfer pathway | Electron transfer pathway | ET pathway | - | Overview; Fig. 1 |
electron transfer, state | Electron transfer pathway | ET | - | Tab. 1; Fig. 2B, 4 (State 3u) |
electron transfer system | Electron transfer pathway | ETS | - | Fig. 2B, 4 (electron transport chain) |
elementary entity | Entity | Xs | [x] | single countable object of sample type s; Tab. 4 |
ET capacity | ET capacity | E | varies | rate; Tab. 1; Fig. 2 |
ET-excess capacity | ET capacity | E-P | varies | Fig. 2 |
flow, for O2 | Flow | IO2 | [mol∙s-1] | system-related extensive quantity; Fig. 5 |
flux, for O2 | Flux | JO2 | varies | size-specific quantity; Fig. 5 |
flux control ratio | Flux control ratio | FCR | 1 | background/reference flux; Fig. 5 |
hyphenation | Hyphenation | - | - | Updates in comparison to Gnaiger 2019 MitoFit Preprints |
inorganic phosphate | Phosphate | Pi | - | Fig. 1C |
inorganic phosphate carrier | Phosphate carrier | PiC | - | Fig. 1C |
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC | IUPAC | IUPAC | - | Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |
International System of Units | International System of Units | SI | - | Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |
isolated mitochondria | Isolated mitochondria | imt | - | [11] |
LEAK state | LEAK respiration | LEAK | - | Tab. 1; Fig. 2 (compare State 4) |
LEAK respiration | LEAK respiration | L | varies | rate; Tab. 1; Fig. 2 |
living cells | Living cells | ce | - | Tab. 5 (intact cells) |
mass, dry mass | Body mass | md | [kg] | Fig. 5 (dry weight) |
mass, wet mass | Body mass | mw | [kg] | Fig. 5 (wet weight) |
mass concentration of sample s in chamber | Concentration | Cms | [kg∙L-1] | Tab. 4 |
mass format | Format | m | [kg] | Tab. 4 |
mass of sample s in a mixture | Mass | ms | [kg] | SI: mass of pure sample mS |
mass per single object | Body mass | MNX | [kg∙x1] | Fig. 5; Tab. 4; SI: m(X); compare molar mass M(X) |
MITOCARTA | MITOCARTA | |||
mitochondria or mitochondrial | Mitochondria | mt | - | Box 1 |
mitochondrial concentration | Mitochondrial marker, Concentration | CmtE = mtE∙V-1 | [mtEU∙L-1] | Tab. 4 |
mitochondrial content per X | Mitochondrial marker | mtENX | [mtEU∙x-1] | mtENX = mtE∙NX-1; Tab. 4 |
mitochondrial density per ms | Mitochondrial marker, Density | DmtE/ms | [mtEU∙kg-1] | DmtE/ms=mtE∙ms-1; Tab. 4 |
mitochondrial density per Vs | Mitochondrial marker, Density | DmtE/Vs | [mtEU∙kg-1] | DmtE/Vs=mtE∙Vs-1; Tab. 4 |
mitochondrial DNA | Mitochondria | mtDNA | - | Box 1 |
mitochondrial elementary marker | Mitochondria | mtE | [mtEU] | quantity of mt-marker; Tab. 4 |
mitochondrial elementary unit | Mitochondria | mtEU | varies | specific units for mt-marker; Tab. 4 |
mitochondrial inner membrane | Mitochondrial inner membrane | mtIM | - | Fig. 1; Box 1 (MIM) |
mitochondrial outer membrane | Mitochondrial outer membrane | mtOM | - | Fig. 1; Box 1 (MIM) |
mitochondrial preparations | Mitochondrial preparations | mt-prep | - | Tab. 5 |
mitochondrial recovery | Mitochondrial recovery | YmtE | 1 | fraction of mtE recovered from the tissue sample in imt-stock |
mitochondrial yield | Mitochondrial yield | YmtE/ms | [mtEU∙kg-1] | mt-yield in imt-stock per mass of tissue sample; YmtE/ms=YmtE∙DmtE |
MitoPedia | MitoPedia, MitoPedia: Respiratory states | |||
molar format | Format | n | [mol] | Tab. 6 |
molar mass | Molar mass | MB | [kg∙mol-1] | compare MNB [kg∙x-1]; SI M(X) |
negative | Protonmotive force | neg | - | Fig. 4 |
normalization of rate | Normalization of rate | - | - | Tab. 4; Fig. 5 |
number of cells | Count | Nce | [x] | total cell count of living cells, Nce = Nvce + Ndce; Tab. 4, 5 |
number of dead cells | Cell viability | Ndce | [x] | non-viable cell count, loss of plasma membrane barrier function; Tab. 5 |
number of entities B | Count | NB | [x] | Tab. 4 Cohen 2008 IUPAC Green Book |
number of entities X; count | Count | NX | [x] | ‘count’ is an SI quantity [11], but the counting unit [x] is not in the SI [95]; Tab. 4; Fig. 5 |
number of viable cells | Cell viability | Nvce | [x] | viable cell count, intact plasma membrane barrier function; Tab. 5 |
organisms | Organism | org | - | Tab. 5 |
oxidative phosphorylation | Oxidative phosphorylation | OXPHOS | - | Tab. 1 |
OXPHOS-capacity | OXPHOS-capacity | P | varies | rate; Tab. 1; Fig. 2 |
OXPHOS state | OXPHOS-capacity | OXPHOS | - | Tab. 1; Fig. 2; OXPHOS-state distinguished from the process OXPHOS (State 3 at kinetically-saturating [ADP] and [Pi]) |
oxygen concentration | Oxygen concentration | cO2 = nO2∙V-1 | [mol∙L-1] | [O2]; Section 3.2 |
oxygen solubility | Oxygen solubility | SO2 | [µmol·kPa-1] | Section 2.6.3 |
oxygen flux, in reaction r | Oxygen flux | JrO2 | varies | Overview |
pathway control state | Pathway control state | PCS | - | Section 2.2 |
permeability transition | Permeability transition | mtPT | - | Fig. 3; Section 2.4.3 (MPT) |
permeabilized cells | Permeabilized cells | pce | - | experimental permeabilization of plasma membrane; Tab. 5 |
permeabilized muscle fibers | Permeabilized muscle fibers | pfi | - | Tab. 5 |
permeabilized tissue | Permeabilized tissue | pti | - | Tab. 5 |
phosphorylation of ADP to ATP | Oxidative phosphorylation | P» | - | Tab. 1, 2; Fig. 1, 4 |
phosphorylation efficiency | Ergodynamic efficiency | ε | 1 | Section 2.4.1 |
P»/O2 ratio | Oxidative phosphorylation | P»/O2 | 1 | mechanistic YP»/O2, calculated from pump stoichiometries; Fig. 1c |
positive | positive | Protonmotive force | - | Fig. 4 |
proton in the neg compartment | Protonmotive force | H+neg | [x] | Fig. 4 |
proton in the pos compartment | proton in the positive compartment | H+pos | [x] | Fig. 4 |
protonmotive force | protonmotive force | pmF | [V] | Overview; Tab. 1; Fig 1a, 2, 4 |
publication efficiency | publication efficiency | Harmonization of nomenclature; Executive summary | ||
quantities, symbols, and units | Quantities, symbols, and units | - | - | An explanation of symbols and unit [x] |
rate in ET state | Electron transfer pathway | E | varies | ET capacity; Tab. 1; Fig. 2, 4 |
rate in LEAK state | LEAK respiration | L | varies | Tab. 1: L(n), L(T), L(Omy); Fig. 2, 4 |
rate in OXPHOS-state | OXPHOS-capacity | P | varies | OXPHOS-capacity; Tab.1; Fig. 2, 4 |
rate in ROX state | Residual oxygen consumption | Rox | varies | Overview; Tab. 1 |
residual oxygen consumption | Residual oxygen consumption | ROX; Rox | - | state ROX; rate Rox; Tab. 1 |
respiration | Respirometry | JrO2 | varies | rate of reaction r; Overview |
respiratory state | MitoPedia: Respiratory states | - | - | Tab. 1, 3; Fig. 2, 4 |
respiratory supercomplex | Supercomplex | SCInIIInIVn | - | supramolecular assemblies with variable copy numbers (n) of CI, CIII and CIV; Box 1 |
sample in a mixture | Sample | s | - | diluted sample; Tab. 4, 5 |
steay state | Steady state | - | - | Section 2.5.6 |
substrate concentration at half-maximal rate | Concentration | c50 | [mol∙L-1] | Section 2.1.2 |
substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor-titration | Substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration | SUIT | - | Section 2.2 |
system | System | - | - | Fig. 5 |
tissue homogenate | Tissue homogenate | thom | - | Tab. 5 |
unit elementary entity | Entity | UX | [x] | single countable object; Tab. 4, 5 |
uncoupling | Uncoupler titrations | - | - | Tab 2; Fig. 3 |
viable cells | Viable cells | vce | - | Tab. 5 |
volume format | Format | V | [L] | Tab. 6 |
volume of experimental chamber | Volume | V | [L] | liquid volume V including the sample s; Tab. 4, 7; Fig. 5 |
volume of sample s in a mixture | Volume | Vs | [L] | Tab. 5; Fig. 5 |
Authors: MitoEAGLE Task Group
- Corresponding author
- Erich Gnaiger
- Chair COST Action CA15203 MitoEAGLE
- T +43 512 566796 15, F +43 512 566796 20
- [email protected] | www.mitoeagle.org
- Coauthors (listed in alphabetical order); number of coauthors: 666
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- Many coauthors have made significant additions and suggestions for improvement of the manuscript. All coauthors confirm to have read the final manuscript, and to agree to implement or discuss the recommendations in future manuscripts, presentations and teaching materials.
- Copyright: © 2020 The Authors
- This is an Open Access BEC article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited. © remains with the authors, who have granted Bioenergetics Communications an Open Access publication licence in perpetuity.
Acknowledgements
- We thank Marija Beno for management assistance, and Peter R Rich for valuable discussions. This publication is based upon work from COST Action CA15203 MitoEAGLE, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), in cooperation with COST Actions CA16225 EU-CARDIOPROTECTION and CA17129 CardioRNA; K-Regio project MitoFit funded by the Tyrolian Government, and project NextGen-O2k which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 859770 and partially funded printing and international dissemination of the publication.
- Several investigators were funded by Short-Term Scientific Missions MitoEAGLE.
- Authors were funded by their individual projects.
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Discussion — updates — versions
On a Comment in Nature Metabolism
Gnaiger Erich 2020-07-28
- One month ago one of our coauthors (Pablo M Garcia-Roves) sent me the reference to a Comment on metabolic terminology published on 2020-05-15 in Nature Metabolism. The present Bioenergetics Communication is deeply concerned about terminology and communication of concepts. Control and regulation (Section 2.7) is profoundly covered in a contribution by coauthor David Fell (our ref [43]). My expertise in thermodynamics (as a former member of an IUPAC Steering Committee; see also ref [50]) motivated me to the statement: "Thus mitochondria are elementary components of energy transformation. Energy is a conserved quantity and cannot be lost or produced in any internal process (First Law of Thermodynamics). Open and closed systems can gain or lose energy only by external fluxes—by exchange with the environment. Therefore, energy can neither be produced by mitochondria, nor is there any internal process without energy conservation (page 12, Section 2.4.1. Coupling).
- In the Nature Metabolism Comment, some statements on control and regulation are followed by: "More striking are the frequently made statements that mitochondria ‘create’ or ‘produce’ energy, which are fundamentally incorrect, given that energy can neither be created or destroyed (according to the first law of thermodynamics)" (Nature Metabolism 2, June 2020, p 476). The two authors of this Comment are not known for covering thermodynamics in their publication record, although this is not really needed for such a general statement. What is more interesting are the following coincidences, which cannot be interpreted due to lack of a statistically relevant sample of observations.
- One of the 'Comment'-authors joined as a coauthor of the MitoEAGLE manuscript 'States and rates' after Version 2018-10-17(44), which included already our comment on energy conservation.
- The preprint Version 6 (Gnaiger E, Aasander Frostner E, Abdul Karim N, Abdel-Rahman EA, Abumrad NA, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Adiele RC, et al (2019) Mitochondrial respiratory states and rates. MitoFit Preprint Arch doi:10.26124/mitofit:190001.v6) was the basis of manuscript submission to Nature Metabolism already last year.
- The preprint was not cited by the 'Comment'-authors, despite quite obvious overlap of concerns on terminology. If one of our coauthors claims, that she was not aware of the contents in the preprint 'States and rates' (now the present BEC 'Mitochondrial physiology'), this should be an issue of questioning coauthorship in the BEC paper.
- Is there any reason to be concerned about fair citation in such a broad context of the First Law of Thermodynamics? This is my question, and I am open for professional answers (considering Gentle Science and mentoring early career investigators). For some further priming, the following points are added.
- It remains unclear to me, why our original wording "energy can neither be produced by mitochondria, nor is there any internal process without energy conservation" was changed in the 'Comment' to the suggestion that there are "frequently made statements that mitochondria ‘create’ or ‘produce’ energy". According to my knowledge of the literature, 'mitochondria create energy' is not a frequently made statement. With close to 370000 publications listed in PubMed on the search term 'mitochondr*' (see Publication efficiency), however, I cannot be sure. I doubt it, but this questionable statement on 'creation of energy' is a matter of proof to be made by the 'Comment'-authors. The only rare example I can come up with is the phrase 'using oxygen to create energy' in a journalist's 'educational' www.nature.com website (https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590/). Skip the 'create' with its rather Godly connotation, and the original "energy can neither be produced" phrase is actually relevant (I try to keep religious and pseudoscientific terminology out of my scientific writing).
- "How Mitochondria Produce Energy" is a marvellous video full of art (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39HTpUG1MwQ), and "Mitochondria and energy production" is another enjoyable video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOB_M7a9iZ0). A sloppy use of the term 'energy production' is very common in the scientific literature, as is the term 'generation of energy' (but luckily not 'creation'!). Some discussions on the use or abuse of these terms make a rather helpless impression (https://www.researchgate.net/post/Isnt_it_wrong_to_say_that_mitochondria_generate_or_produce_energy).
- Reference to internal energy transformation (First Law of Thermodynamics) versus external energy transfer in open systems (exchange with the environment) provides the necessary conceptual framework for clarification. This was not really understood by at least one of our coauthors, and neither by the involved reviewers and editors of Nature Metabolism.
- "We hope that this Comment will stimulate further discussion" — is the comment in the Nature Metabolism Comment. My comment: The discussion could have and should have been made openly before the Nature Metabolism Comment publication — but too many scientists just 'create' publications, without taking the time for quality discussions.
- Reference: Harper Mary-Ellen, Patti Mary-Elizabeth (2020) Metabolic terminology: what’s in a name? Nat Metab 2:476-7.
- In the Nature Metabolism Comment, some statements on control and regulation are followed by: "More striking are the frequently made statements that mitochondria ‘create’ or ‘produce’ energy, which are fundamentally incorrect, given that energy can neither be created or destroyed (according to the first law of thermodynamics)" (Nature Metabolism 2, June 2020, p 476). The two authors of this Comment are not known for covering thermodynamics in their publication record, although this is not really needed for such a general statement. What is more interesting are the following coincidences, which cannot be interpreted due to lack of a statistically relevant sample of observations.
SI units
- One year ago, on World Metrology Day (2019-May-20) the redefinition of the SI units came into force. Science faced one of the largest overhauls in history of scientific units. How to commemorate this event of groundbreaking innovation better than with the online publication of Mitochondrial physiology and with the launch of an innovative journal — Bioenergetics Communications.
Versions from MitoFit preprint to BEC reprint
- This BEC article was communicated as a preprint in MitoFit Preprints
- » Gnaiger E, Aasander Frostner E, Abdul Karim N, Abumrad NA, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Adiele RC, et al (2019) Mitochondrial respiratory states and rates. MitoFit Preprint Arch doi:10.26124/mitofit:190001.v4. - »Bioblast link«
Post-publication peer review
- This BEC Consortium communication has been rigorously reviewed from pre-print to re-print. Contribute to the discussion to improve the next version of this Living Communication, and upgrade from a reviewer to a coauthor.
- » Discussion BEC2020.1
- Please send your comments, full institutional address and preferentially your ORCID to the corresponding author.
MitoPedia topics:
BEC
Cited by
- Gnaiger E (2024) Addressing the ambiguity crisis in bioenergetics and thermodynamics. MitoFit Preprints 2024.3. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2024-0003
- Simon L, Molina PE (2022) Cellular bioenergetics: experimental evidence for alcohol-induced adaptations. Function (Oxf) 3:zqac039. - »Bioblast link«
- Gnaiger E (2021) Beyond counting papers – a mission and vision for scientific publication. Bioenerg Commun 2021.5. https://doi:10.26124/BEC:2021-0005
- Gnaiger E (2021) Bioenergetic cluster analysis – mitochondrial respiratory control in human fibroblasts. MitoFit Preprints 2021.8. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2021-0008
- Cardoso et al (2021) Magnesium Green for fluorometric measurement of ATP production does not interfere with mitochondrial respiration. Bioenerg Commun 2021.1. doi:10.26124/bec:2021-0001
- Krako Jakovljevic N, Ebanks B, Katyal G, Chakrabarti L, Markovic I, Moisoi N (2021) Mitochondrial homeostasis in cellular models of Parkinson’s Disease. Bioenerg Commun 2021.2. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021-0002
- Went N, Di Marcello M, Gnaiger E (2021) Oxygen dependence of photosynthesis and light-enhanced dark respiration studied by High-Resolution PhotoRespirometry. MitoFit Prep 2021.5. - »Bioblast link«
- Gnaiger E (2020) Mitochondrial pathways and respiratory control. An introduction to OXPHOS analysis. 5th ed. Bioenerg Commun 2020.2. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2020-0002
- Gnaiger E (2021) Bioenergetic cluster analysis – mitochondrial respiratory control in human fibroblasts. MitoFit Preprints 2021.8. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:2021-0008
- Gnaiger E (2020) Canonical reviewer's comments on: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2019) The International System of Units (SI) 9th ed. MitoFit Preprint Arch 2020.4 doi:10.26124/mitofit:200004.
- Preprint cited by
- Gnaiger E (2019) Editorial: A vision on preprints for mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. MitoFit Preprint Arch doi:10.26124/mitofit:190002.v2.
Labels: MiParea: Respiration, mt-Awareness
Preparation: Permeabilized cells, Permeabilized tissue, Homogenate, Isolated mitochondria
Enzyme: Marker enzyme
Regulation: Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Flux control, mt-Membrane potential, Uncoupler
Coupling state: LEAK, OXPHOS, ET
Pathway: F, N, S, Gp, DQ, CIV, NS, Other combinations, ROX
HRR: O2k-Protocol
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