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Difference between revisions of "Gnaiger 2019 MiP2019"

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Revision as of 09:49, 6 February 2020

Erich Gnaiger
OXPHOS capacity in human muscle tissue and body mass excess – the MitoEAGLE mission towards an integrative database (Version 6; 2020-01-12).

Link: MiP2019 Bioblast pdf

Gnaiger E (2019)

Event: MiP2019

COST Action MitoEAGLE

“Preventable diseases are strongly related to a sedentary life style. These are spreading world-wide at an epidemic scale. Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly associated with the progression of such pathologies: cause or consequence? There is currently no regimented, quantitative system, or database organized to routinely test, compare and monitor mitochondrial capacities within individuals, populations, or among populations. This reflects the need for scientific innovation and represents a shortcoming in the health system of our modern, rapidly aging society” (MitoEAGLE COST Action application). The working groups of the COST Action CA15203 have made substantial progress towards meeting the mission of Mitochondrial Fitness Mapping (Fig. 1). The present communication (1) provides an example of harmonization of datasets published by different research laboratories on OXPHOS capacity in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized fibers obtained from biopsies of human skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis); (2) emphasizes the importance of comparative protocol harmonization projects and reproducibility studies; (3) illustrates the necessity and difficulty of defining objective exclusion criteria and applying quality assessment of published data; (4) links muscle mitochondrial fitness to whole body aerobic fitness; (5) discusses the extension of tissue-specific to systemic mitochondrial fitness from muscle to brain; and (6) documents the added value of Open Access data repositories.

Analogous to ergometric measurement of VO2max on a cycle or treadmill, cell ergometry is based on measurement of OXPHOS-capacity, JO2,P [pmol O2·s-1·mg-1] equivalent to [”mol O2·s1·kg1], at the mitochondrial level. The main datasets on OXPHOS capacity of isolated mitochondria or permeabilized muscle fibers, harmonization algorithms, and exclusion criteria applied in the present analysis have been reviewed ten years ago [1]. Only a few more studies based on high-resolution respirometry published since then were integrated, exclusively on Caucasian healthy controls [2,3]. This 'MitoEAGLE BME database' is intended to initiate a comprehensive review by the MitoEAGLE Working Group 2 (skeletal muscle). Harmonization introduces potential biases with a scope of improvement based on updated evaluation of (1) wet/dry mass ratios applicable to studies reporting dry mass only; (2) flux control ratios applied to calculate combined NADH- and succinate-linked OXPHOS capacities from data limited to the NADH-pathway or succinate-pathway capacities measured separately; (3) temperature adjustment for measurements at temperatures different from 37 °C [4]; (4) oxygen limitation of measurements with permeabilized fibers that are performed at or below air saturation [5]; (5) OXPHOS capacities reported without evaluation of saturating concentrations of ADP, Pi, and fuel substrates, or without concern of stable steady-state fluxes; and (6) potential bias when results are reported without details on instrumental O2-background tests, calibrations, and corresponding corrections.

Recent trends of an increasing body mass index (BMI) of the human population indicate an epidemic prevalence of obesity in many countries despite the fact that underweight remains the dominant problem in the world’s poorest regions [6]. Extending the concept of the ‘Reference Man’ [7], a healthy reference population (HRP) is defined with a large range of body height (standing height, H) and corresponding reference body mass, M°, reference V°O2max/M, and mitochondrial fitness parameters (Fig. 2). The reference mass/height relationship constitutes a basic component of the concept of the HRP, obtained from >17.000 measurements on healthy people reported between 1931 and 1944 before the fast food and soft drink epidemic, with about half of the reported measurements ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 m corresponding to M° of 22 to 68 kg/x and H/M0.35 [8] (Fig. 2a).

The body mass excess, BME, is defined as the excess of the actual body mass, M-M°, relative to the reference body mass, M°, at the same height (Suppl. Tab. S1). Deviations of M versus M° are due to weight gain without height gain. The similar displacement of men and women (Norwegian HUNT 3 study [9]) from the HRP line is consistent with the increase of average BMI in Norway during the past decades [6]. (Fig. 2a). BME>0 (excess) yields a more consistent index of overweight and obesity across a large range of body heights compared to the BMI (Fig. 2b). Similarly, BME<0 (not shown) indicates a body mass deficit which is insufficiently reflected by the BMI at different body heights. Mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity per mass of vastus lateralis declines as a power function of BME+1=M/M° (Fig. 2c). VO2max/M can be modeled as a function of (1) the metabolically inactive (compared to VO2max) body mass added to a person at height H, (2) the decline of mitochondrial capacity per muscle mass as a consequence of an inactive lifestyle and body mass excess, and (3) a slight increase of muscle mass with increasing BME as a ‘weight lifting effect’ (Fig. 2d).

Taken together, the BME has a strong conceptual foundation on the level of large scale population statistics and is linked to lifestyle and mitochondrial fitness. Importantly, the BME has a straightforward understandable meaning that is easy to communicate to the general public on the personal level: you are overweight if your body mass is increased by 20 % relative to the reference body mass determined by your height. The consequences of mitochondrial control on VO2max/M will be discussed in terms of mechanistic explanations of a large range of neurodegenerative diseases related to the passive lifestyle with an increased BME [10].

Note: (2020-01-12) In the original version of this abstract, BME(old) was defined as M/M°. To be more consistent with the term excess, BME(new) is defined as (M-M°)/M°.

‱ Keywords: healthy reference population - HRP, body mass index - BMI, body mass excess - BME, aerobic capacity - VO2max per body mass, mitochondrial fitness ‱ Bioblast editor: Plangger M, Tindle-Solomon L, Gnaiger E ‱ O2k-Network Lab: AT Innsbruck Gnaiger E, AT Innsbruck Oroboros


Affiliations

Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria
Dept Visceral, Transplant Thoracic Surgery, Daniel Swarovski Research Lab, Medical Univ Innsbruck, Austria
Supported by project NextGen-O2k which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 859770. Contribution to COST Action CA15203 MitoEAGLE funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union.

References

  1. Gnaiger E (2009) Capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. New perspectives of mitochondrial physiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:1837-45. - »Bioblast link«
  2. Pesta D, Hoppel F, Macek C, Messner H, Faulhaber M, Kobel C, Parson W, Burtscher M, Schocke M, Gnaiger E (2011) Similar qualitative and quantitative changes of mitochondrial respiration following strength and endurance training in normoxia and hypoxia in sedentary humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R1078–87. - »Bioblast link«
  3. Gnaiger E, Boushel R, SĂžndergaard H, Munch-Andersen T, Damsgaard R, Hagen C, DĂ­ez-SĂĄnchez C, Ara I, Wright-Paradis C, Schrauwen P, Hesselink M, Calbet JAL, Christiansen M, Helge JW, Saltin B (2015) Mitochondrial coupling and capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of Inuit and caucasians in the arctic winter. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25 (Suppl 4):126–34. - »Bioblast link«
  4. Lemieux H, Blier PU, Gnaiger E (2017) Remodeling pathway control of mitochondrial respiratory capacity by temperature in mouse heart: electron flow through the Q-junction in permeabilized fibers. Sci Rep 7:2840. - »Bioblast link«
  5. Pesta D, Gnaiger E (2012) High-resolution respirometry. OXPHOS protocols for human cells and permeabilized fibres from small biopsies of human muscle. Methods Mol Biol 810:25-58. - »Bioblast link«
  6. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017) Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 390:2627–42.
  7. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016) Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 14:e1002533.
  8. Zucker TF (1962) Regression of standing and sitting weights on body weight: man. In: Altman PL, Dittmer DS, eds: Growth including reproduction and morphological development. Committee on Biological Handbooks, Fed Amer Soc Exp Biol:336-7.
  9. Loe H, Rognmo Ø, Saltin B, WislÞff U (2013) Aerobic capacity reference data in 3816 healthy men and women 20-90 years. PLoS One 8:e64319.
  10. Gnaiger E (2020) Body mass excess associated with decline of aerobic capacity and mitochondrial fitness. MitoFit Preprint Arch (in prep).


Figures

MitoEAGLE concept

Figure 1. Challenges for initiation of a data repository designed to ultimately describe the linkage between the mt-phenotype and anthropometric variables. Modified after MitoEAGLE COST Action application.


BME
Figure 2: Anthropometrics of a healthy reference population, mitochondrial fitness and aerobic capacity. Full circles and diamonds are the averages of females and males in the 2nd to 6th decade of life with average height of 1.66 and 1.80 m, respectively, from the Norwegian HUNT 3 fitness study [9]. Open circles are averages of the healthy cohorts in the present MitoEAGLE BME database (average height 1.77 m). (a) Healthy reference population, HRP: thick line extrapolated by a thin line beyond the range of measurement, H = 0.411∙M°0.35 [8]. M° is the reference body mass corresponding to body height on the X-axis. The dashed line is the fit through the male and female HUNT 3 data. Vertical arrows indicate weight gain at constant body height. The green square is the Reference Man [7]. (b) The BMI with an exponent of 2 (instead of 2.86; Fig. 2b) increases with body mass in the HRP, from 18.9 to 22.9 with height increasing from 1.6 to 2.0 m. The body mass excess with respect to the HRP is defined as BME ≝ (M-M°)/M°. A balanced BME is BME°=0.0. Considering a height of 1.7 m (dashed horizontal lines), overweight (BMI=25) is reached at a weight gain of 20 % (BME=0.2); obesity and severe obesity (BMI=30 and 35) are reached at a weight gain of 40 % and 60 % (BME=0.4 and 0.6, respectively). (c) Mitochondrial fitness, JO2,P declines as a function of BME (MitoEAGLE BME database). JO2,P is the OXPHOS capacity of the convergent NADH- and succinate-linked pathway expressed per wet mass of muscle tissue, mw. (d) VO2max/M declines as a function of BME (MitoEAGLE BME database; a powerfunction is fitted through the open circles, shown by the full line and extrapolated to BME=0; see equation). The females of the HUNT 3 study are on the line, whereas the males tend to have a higher aerobic capacity. Dashed line (1): Aerobic capacity modelled by adding metabolically inactive body mass to the reference V°O2max/M=72.1 mL∙min­-1∙kg­-1. Dottel line (2): Diminishing muscle aerobic capacity according to the decline of mitochondrial fitness in Fig. 2c. Red crosses (3): A constant ‘weight-lifting’ factor is fitted to account for an increasing fraction of muscle mass as a function of BME. Modified from [10].

Publications: BME and height

» Height of humans
 Reference
Bosy-Westphal 2009 Br J NutrBosy-Westphal A, Plachta-Danielzik S, Dörhöfer RP, MĂŒller MJ (2009) Short stature and obesity: positive association in adults but inverse association in children and adolescents. Br J Nutr 102:453-61.
De Onis 2007 Bull World Health Organizationde Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J (2007) Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organization 85:660-7.
Gnaiger 2019 MiP2019
Erich Gnaiger
OXPHOS capacity in human muscle tissue and body mass excess – the MitoEAGLE mission towards an integrative database (Version 6; 2020-01-12).
Hood 2019 Nutr DiabetesHood K, Ashcraft J, Watts K, Hong S, Choi W, Heymsfield SB, Gautam RK, Thomas D (2019) Allometric scaling of weight to height and resulting body mass index thresholds in two Asian populations. Nutr Diabetes 9:2. doi: 10.1038/s41387-018-0068-3.
Indian Academy of Pediatrics Growth Charts Committee 2015 Indian PediatrIndian Academy of Pediatrics Growth Charts Committee, Khadilkar V, Yadav S, Agrawal KK, Tamboli S, Banerjee M, Cherian A, Goyal JP, Khadilkar A, Kumaravel V, Mohan V, Narayanappa D, Ray I, Yewale V (2015) Revised IAP growth charts for height, weight and body mass index for 5- to 18-year-old Indian children. Indian Pediatr 52:47-55.
Zucker 1962 Committee on Biological Handbooks, Fed Amer Soc Exp BiolZucker TF (1962) Regression of standing and sitting weights on body weight: man. In: Growth including reproduction and morphological development. Altman PL, Dittmer DS, eds: Committee on Biological Handbooks, Fed Amer Soc Exp Biol:336-7.


Labels: MiParea: Respiration, mt-Biogenesis;mt-density, Gender, Exercise physiology;nutrition;life style, mt-Medicine  Pathology: Obesity 

Organism: Human  Tissue;cell: Skeletal muscle  Preparation: Intact organism, Permeabilized tissue, Isolated mitochondria 


Coupling state: OXPHOS  Pathway: NS  HRR: Oxygraph-2k 

BME, MitoPedia:BME, BMI, Height