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State 3

From Bioblast


high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution


State 3

Description

State 3 respiration is the ADP stimulated respiration of isolated coupled mitochondria in the presence of high ADP and Pi concentrations, supported by a defined substrate or substrate combination at saturating oxygen levels (Chance and Williams, 1955). State 3 respiration can also be induced in permeabilized cells, including permeabilized tissue preparations and tissue homogenates. ADP concentrations applied in State 3 are not necessarily saturating, whereas OXPHOS capacity is measured at saturating concentrations of ADP and Pi (state P). For instance, non-saturating ADP concentrations are applied in State 3 in pulse titrations to determine the P/O ratio in State 3→4 (D→T) transitions, when saturating ADP concentrations would deplete the oxygen concentration in the closed oxygraph chamber before State 4 is obtained (Gnaiger et al 2000; Puchowicz et al 2004). Respiration in the OXPHOS state or in State 3 is partially coupled, and partially uncoupled (physiological) or partially dyscoupled (pathological). A high mt-membrane potential provides the driving force for oxidative phosphorylation, to phosphorylate ADP to ATP and to transport ADP and ATP across the inner mt-membrane through the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). The mt-membrane potential is reduced, however, in comparison to the LEAK state of respiration, whereas the cytochromes are in a more oxidized redox state.

Abbreviation: P

Reference: Chance_1955_JBC-III; MiPNet12.15


MitoPedia methods: Respirometry 


MitoPedia topics: "Respiratory state" is not in the list (Enzyme, Medium, Inhibitor, Substrate and metabolite, Uncoupler, Sample preparation, Permeabilization agent, EAGLE, MitoGlobal Organizations, MitoGlobal Centres, ...) of allowed values for the "MitoPedia topic" property. Respiratory state"Respiratory state" is not in the list (Enzyme, Medium, Inhibitor, Substrate and metabolite, Uncoupler, Sample preparation, Permeabilization agent, EAGLE, MitoGlobal Organizations, MitoGlobal Centres, ...) of allowed values for the "MitoPedia topic" property. 

Maximum oxygen flux in State 3 ?

Oxygen flux is not necessarily 'maximum' in State 3 for different reasons:

  • Concentrations of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are high but may not be saturating (kinetic limitation).
  • The substrate or substrate combination may not support the physiological maximum flux through the electron transfer system (ETS), particularly due to electron gating of mitochondrial pathways converging at the Q-junction (limitation due to substrate control).
  • OXPHOS capacity is less than ETS capacity in coupled mitochondria with limiting phosphorylation system capacity (limitation by the enzymatic capacity of utilizating the electrochemical proton gradient).