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...mberti G, Huber LA (2015) Isolation of early and late endosomes by density gradient centrifugation. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015(11):pdb.prot083444. ...iven buffer. Separation will also depend on the medium used to prepare the gradient, whether it is sucrose (the most common) or an alternative. Here we describ

...f adenosine triphosphate by an artificially imposed electrochemical proton gradient in bovine heart submitochondrial particles. J Biol Chem 250:5330-5. ...p> gradient (15%) alone. These results demonstrate that an electrochemical gradient of protons can drive the synthesis of ATP by reversal of the proton-translo

...t that carp red muscle mitochondria defend an appropriate mitochondrial pH gradient with temperature-induced changes in intracellular pH.

...lectrogenic K⁺ transport down the electrochemical transmembrane gradient (150 ng^.mg^-1 protein).

...ATP/ADP.Pi ratio, and mitochondria reach "State 4" with an elevated proton gradient, the degree of coupling drops substantially. The mechanistic cause and the

...rophage early and late endosomes by latex bead internalization and density gradient centrifugation. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015(12):pdb.prot083451. ...t method for separating endocytic organelles from macrophages on a sucrose gradient, taking advantage of the significantly lower density of the organelles cont

...production by NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) depends on the pH gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Biochem J 382:511-7. ...ng reverse electron transport was at least 3-fold more sensitive to the pH gradient than to the membrane potential.

...commonly used isolation procedure for mitochondria utilizing differential (gradient) centrifugation and depict major challenges to achieve "functional" mitocho |keywords=Differential gradient centrifugation, Isolation of mitochondria, Mitochondrial integrity

...neration of an electrochemical proton gradient (Δμ +H ), which comprises a gradient of electric potential (ΔΨ) and of proton concentration (ΔpH). The Δμ +

...ler M, Peltier G (2011) Control of hydrogen photoproduction by the proton gradient generated by cyclic electron flow in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell ...s released in the pgrl1 mutant. Regulation of the trans-thylakoidal proton gradient by monitoring pgrl1 expression opens new perspectives toward reprogramming

...+ antiport keeps matrix [Na+] low and the Na(+)-gradient equal to the H(+)-gradient. A Na+/Ca2+ antiport provides a Ca(2+)-extruding mechanism that permits the

...y the isolation procedure was the greatest after purification in a sucrose gradient. We confirmed that pig brain mitochondria can serve as a biological model f

...l gradient across the inner mitochondrial or bacterial cell membrane. This gradient is the primary source of energy for aerobic synthesis of ATP. Oxidation of

...differences of concentration or pressure are scalars, whereas a potential gradient is a [[vector]]. Similarly, the [[protonmotive force]] and metabolic oxygen

...' is a pysicochemical quantity with magnitude and spatial direction of a [[gradient]]. Symbols for vectors are written in bold face. For example, [[velocity]],

...s supply within the human body, including a facilitated description of the gradient of pressure from the atmosphere to the cells. This review also included the

...nine between the two channels prevents proton leakage. The steep potential gradient over the sub-nm inter-channel distance exerts a force on the deprotonated g

...ducible and facile. It is especially useful for tissue culture cells since gradient methods often are complicated by alterations in plasma membrane density wit

...hrough uncoupling proteins (UCPs) which can cause a decrease in the proton gradient independent of the production of ATP. Here, I investigate changes in UCPs a

...ne with transport of protons and dissipation of the electrochemical proton gradient. Mild uncoupling may be induced at low uncoupler concentrations, the noncou

...B) and neonatal rats (method C). All three procedures use Percoll density gradient centrifugation as a key step in the isolation but differ in many aspects of |keywords=Percoll density gradient centrifugation,

...I and complex III has been shown to affect enzymatic catalysis, the proton gradient, redox status, and enzyme-mediated ROS production. Pathological conditions ...ive charges on the membrane denote the membrane potential (ΔΨ). The proton gradient, denoted by ΔpH for the difference of pH across the membrane. Δp- or ΔpH

...me, Demaurex Nicolas (2011) Dynamic regulation of the mitochondrial proton gradient during cytosolic calcium elevations. J Biol Chem 286:11672-84. ...r membrane to generate the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ(m)) and pH gradient (ΔpH(m)) that both power ATP synthesis. Mitochondrial uptake and efflux of

...ere not altered by acute hypoxia; however, the mitochondrial H⁺-gradient decreased in step with the decrease in ETS respiration. Taken together, our ...e synthase, Cytochrome c oxidase, Mitochondrial membrane potential, Proton gradient

...ion standardization in quartz cell, expetually using different temperature gradient with isolation from air.

...ent futile hydrolysis of ATP when the transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient, delta mu H+, falls. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have different mechanism

...protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phos

...n and K+ ionophores, which suppress the mitochondrial electrical potential gradient, acting as uncoupling agents, and compounds, such as oligomycin, which inte

...>X</sub> (units: newton per particle X [N∙x^-1]), is a vector or gradient, taken here as being oriented in the ''z'' direction only, interacting with ...I'''''_{'''d'''<u>''N''</u>X}, across a plane perpendicular to the gradient in direction ''z'' is,

...lationships are non-linear. (''2'') The ''pmF'' is not a vector force; the gradient is replaced by a pressure difference, and local concentration by a distribu

...electrochemical gradient"'' - <span style="color:#FF0000"> Electrochemical gradient = Gibbs energy change?

...n·d, 5 d·wk), or treadmill interval sprint training (TM-IST; 50 m·min, 12% gradient, 6 × 2.5 min bouts, 5 d·wk) groups for a 4-wk intervention.

...olate and partially purified by ammoniumsulphate fractionation and density gradient centrifugation. Compared to submitochondrial particles this preparation con

...rotons across the mitochondrial inner membrane, forming an electrochemical gradient that captures chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

...one oxidoreductase) transduces redox energy into an electrochemical proton gradient. Studies of redox dependent changes in the spectrum of Complex I from ''Esc

...ria. The amount of diffusive oxygen movement depends on the oxygen tension gradient and the diffusion distance.

...n of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The resulting proton gradient is used by the ATP synthase complex (the fifth enzyme complex) to phosphory

...tact mitochondria from cell culture samples along with an optional density gradient purification. This chapter provides a methodological update of our approach

...potential and represents the main component of the proton electrochemical gradient accounting for more than 90% of the total available respiratory energy. Num

...= d''μ''/d''z'' is the force of diffusion, which is the chemical potential gradient of the diffusing substance in the ''z'' direction perpendicular to the plan ::::* Diffusion pressure gradient: d_d''Π''/d''z'' = ''c''·d''μ''/d''z''= ''α''·''F''<sub>d</s

...commonly used isolation procedure for mitochondria utilizing differential (gradient) centrifugation and depict major challenges to achieve "functional" mitocho

...ration (JO2) is required to generate an electrical gradient (ΔΨm) and a pH gradient to power ATP synthesis, yet the impact of pH modulation on brain mt functio

...and sustained growth. In addition, cell wall expansion requires a calcium gradient in the tube apex formed by a dedicated array of calcium pumps and channels.

...roduction. The size of such clusters is limited by the magnitude of the O2 gradient needed to provide adequate O2 concentrations for mitochondrial function wit

...he membrane, thus contributing to generation of the electrochemical proton gradient that is used to drive the synthesis of ATP as catalyzed by the rotary ATP s

..., also called voltage, and a pH gradient (Δ''μ''^H+) with the pH gradient typically less significant: ΔP = ΔΨ_m + Δ''μ''^H+. ...: ''Comment:'' Δ''P'' (delta ''P'') indicates a difference. In contrast, a gradient has magnitude and direction, and would be indicated as d''P''/d''z'' in the

...on of protons from the matrix, creating a proton electrochemical potential gradient. (2) The F₁F_O ATPase is also vectorially oriented so [[File:ABSTRACT FIG.jpg|400px|Schemata of ATP_Synthase_proton gradient]]

...pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space (IMS) and build a gradient which is used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. In Chlamydomonas and other eu

...through the respiratory chain is transduced into a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane. In mitochondria and many bacteria, reduction of the diox

...less than the Michaelis Menten constant, with a significant concentration gradient in the sphere. The results have important implications for the design of do

...the mitochondrial inner membrane following the K⁺ concentration gradient. In the presence of K⁺, nigericin decreases pH in the mitchondri

...ndent on natural proton gradients begin pumping ions to generate their own gradient? ...antiporter, which transduces geochemical proton flux into a Na⁺ gradient, improving coupling, and potentially explaining the Na⁺/H<sup>+<

...onsistent with a model in which the high energy condition consists of a pH gradient across the grana disk membranes.

...bleeding diathesis in severe thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, density gradient centrifugation (DC) is an isolation method applied in research for the anal ...xidative phosphorylation OXPHOS, high-resolution respirometry HRR, density gradient centrifugation DC, flow cytometry

|title=Rieger B, Junge W, Busch KB (2014) Lateral pH gradient between OXPHOS complex IV and F(0)F(1) ATP-synthase in folded mitochondrial

...um at steady state; Fick's law of diffusion). Therefore, the concentration gradient of a continous system can be replaced by the concentration difference in a

...ved a shift of the FoF1-ATPase complexes to the lower S-values on glycerol gradient, where the free F1-ATPase sediments, indicating changes in the structural i

...dox-driven proton pump, accounting for a large part of the electrochemical gradient that powers mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Complex I dysfu

...lexes (complex I to IV) to oxygen, therefore generating an electrochemical gradient that can be used by the F1-F0-ATP synthase (also named complex V) in the mi

...of neurons resulted in a decline in fluorescence and a loss in fluorescent gradient between fully reduced and fully oxidized (plus respiratory uncoupler). We c

...nes is able to move ions, mainly protons, even against their concentration gradient, one of my works, entitled “An electromagnetic coupling hypothesis to exp

..., Messina A, Magrì A (2022) α-Synuclein A53T promotes mitochondrial proton gradient dissipation and depletion of the organelle respiratory reserve in a neurobl

...on energy chain converting the redox energy into the cross-membrane proton gradient. The electron-transfer chain of iron-sulfur cofactors within the water-solu

...hy on DEAE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. Centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient showed that the activity of the purified factor was closely associated with

...bleeding diathesis in severe thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, density gradient centrifugation (DC) is an isolation method applied in research for the anal ...xidative phosphorylation OXPHOS, high-resolution respirometry HRR, density gradient centrifugation DC, flow cytometry

...lling and shrinking of the mitochondria followed by sonication and density gradient centrifugation, which permits the separation of two particulate subfraction

|abstract=The extensive oxygen gradient between the air we breathe (Po2 ~21 kPa) and its ultimate distribution with

...k of activity with NAD and NADP corresponding to an apparent Mr = 282,000. Gradient gel polyacrylamide electrophoresis at pH 9.0 indicated an additional broad

...crose gradient ultracentrifugation to separate OMM from IMM, and flotation gradient ultracentrifugation to further enrich the OMM. Membrane purity was assesse

...inner mitochondrial membrane at the expense of the mitochondrial Delta pH gradient; the latter parameter influences matrix inorganic phosphate and ATP concent

...(ΔpH) component of the mitochondrial transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient (ΔμH+) was investigated. The overall O₂ consumption and specif

|abstract=Maintenance of an electrochemical proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane against the significant proton perm

...tic maps, whereas the 120-kDa polypeptide had a distinct profile. Glycerol gradient sedimentation analysis suggested that HIF-1 exists predominantly in a heter

...lipid is associated with membranes designed to generate an electrochemical gradient that is used to produce ATP, such as bacterial plasma membranes and inner m

...canonically associated with ATP production in neurons. The electrochemical gradient, which underlies the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ<sub>mem</s

...cycle mechanism that couples electron transfer to generation of the proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. Genetic defects leading to mutations in proteins

...trons from the cytosol into the mitochondria is supported by the glutamate gradient and by a high glutamate/aspartate ratio inside the mitochondria (Glu/Asp =

...d foetal placental leucocytes, and benign cells by incubating them under a gradient of pO₂, from saturation to hypoxia, in a high resolution respiro

...at the F1F0-ATP synthase. Thereby the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is dissipated as heat.

...ane. The proton-pumping activity contributes to the proton electrochemical gradient, which drives the synthesis of ATP. Based on kinetic experiments on the O-O

...n JR (2022) Computational modeling and imaging of the intracellular oxygen gradient. Int J Mol Sci 23:12597. doi: 10.3390/ijms232012597

...the released free energy to pump protons against the transmembrane proton gradient. To better understand the proton-pumping mechanism of the wild-type (WT) Cc

...horylation (OXPHOS) using ATP synthase, a nano-rotor powered by the proton gradient generated from proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the multi-complex

...isproportionate CBF increase may be required to increase the concentration gradient from capillary to tissue that drives oxygen delivery. However, the brain ti

...f the protonmotive force, i.e. the voltage (ΔΨ(m)) and the proton (ΔpH(m)) gradient, displayed a similar effect. Quantitative estimation of the ΔΨ(m) unveile

...digiosin as a proton sequestering agent that destroys the intracellular pH gradient, and propose that its main cytotoxic effect could be related to its action

...ensity. Under conditions of low light intensity and proton electrochemical gradient present, for example, under a leaf canopy, it is proposed that a rate limit

...nsiderably more oxygen-efficient. Finally, the mitochondrial H⁺-gradient was more tightly coupled, indicating that mitochondrial respiration is more

...ys performed at the extramitochondrial pH optimum of 7.5. When this proton gradient was abolished with nigericin, the extramitochondrial pH optimum for protein

...e. This concept can be extended to vectorial heat flux along a temperature gradient. The temperature difference relative to the temperature of the heat source,

...of a knockout Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant (pgrl1) deficient in PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION LIKE1 (PGRL1)-mediated CEF. Steady state biomass productivity of

...(p NP vs CTR = 0.003). The mitochondrial proton electrochemical potential gradient instead was decreased (p ≤ 0.05), as the oxygen consumption by Complex IV

...s. Inter-individual variability was high, obscuring the effect of salinity gradient on heat flux. When standardized to the pre-transfer control level of each i

...ed aerobic capacity, and (iii) mild uncoupling of the mitochondrial proton gradient. These data suggest that turtle brain mitochondria respond to low oxygen st

...esaturated. These findings, taken together, suggest that the O₂ gradient from hemoglobin to the mitochondria can modulate the O₂ flux to

...ouple respiration from oxidative phosphorylation by dissipating the proton gradient across the membrane. Treatment of primary culture of rat preadipocytes for

...d conserves much of the liberated free energy as an electrochemical proton gradient, which is used for the synthesis of ATP. Photochemical electron injection e

...e proton motive force consisting of a membrane potential (ΔΨ) and a proton gradient (ΔpH). Several factors controlling ROS production in the mitochondria incl

...reaction to the translocation of protons against an electrochemical proton gradient. The membrane domain of the enzyme extends ∼180 Å from the site of quino

uncoupling of the mitochondrial proton gradient. These data suggest that

...h GDAP1 dominant mutations, which according to the affected domain cause a gradient of severity. Indeed, the p.C240Y mutation, located within GDAP1 glutathione

...O2, Oxygen disappearance curve, Phosphorescence quenching method, Cell PO2 gradient

...consumption required to offset the dissipation of the transmembrane proton gradient in the absence of ATP synthesis was not correlated with either MMR or SMR.

...cal quenching. This dissipative pathway is under the control of the proton gradient generated by the electron flow and the xanthophyll cycle. A second protecti

...ified neuronal mitochondria from brain tissue. The method combines Percoll gradient centrifugation to obtain synaptosomal fraction with nitrogen cavitation med

...lected by venous punction and PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll-based dense gradient centrifugation following storage at -80° C until analysis. After thawing c

...y stabilising transmembrane proteins, buffering fluctuations of the proton gradient, protecting mtDNA, and mediating oxidative damage - related apoptotic signa

...g the Atlantic coast of North America, through a steep latitudinal thermal gradient. The northern subspecies has faster development, more rapid growth, higher

Protocol of mitochondrial isolation was based on sucrose step density gradient centrifugation method as adapted from previous study. OCR of isolated mitoc

...of hydrogen ions (H⁺), which are moved down an electrochemical gradient, e.g. from the intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix.

...iration. Crude mitochondrial fraction and mitochondria purified on sucrose gradient were compared. We confirmed that pig brain mitochondria can serve as a biol

...'Ψ''_mt and the chemical part is related to the transmembrane pH gradient ΔpH. Although the contribution of ΔpH to ''pmF'' is smaller than that of

...id bilayers. The conductance of the reconstituted channel was 265 pS under gradient (50/450 mM KCl) conditions. Its reversal potential was equal to 50 mV, whic

...etry is maintained also in the presence of a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. Furthermore, the present study indicates that a careful analysis of the te

...uently, ATP synthesis and proton leak compete for the same electrochemical gradient. Because proton leak co-varies negatively with body mass, it is unknown whe

...nonsynaptic mitochondria were purified from Tg2576 mice brains by density gradient centrifugation. Mitochondrial proteins were separated by IEF or Blue-native

...er membrane (mtIM) consisting of a proton (ΔpH) and electrical charge (Δψ) gradient. CI actively participates in sustaining these gradients via trans-mtIM prot

...on is the product of mobility and concentration. In a linear concentration gradient the conductivity is a nonlinear function of the force, which is considered

...rial membrane potential (ΔΨm) due to their ability to dissipate the proton gradient, which results in the uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration from ATP prod

...sphorylation, Creatine kinase; Hexokinase, Compartmentation, Concentration gradient, Rat

...'Ψ''_mt and the chemical part is related to the transmembrane pH gradient ΔpH. Although the contribution of ΔpH to ''pmF'' is smaller than that of

...philic cations, yielded the Nernstian ΔΨ, i.e. 30 mV per ten-fold dication gradient. In the State 4 mitochondria, dications stimulated respiration and lowered

...role of main catalysts of futile proton leak of the proton electrochemical gradient generated by the respiratory chain. However, we found that a high concentra

...nvolvement of the cytoskeleton in maintaining a differential mitochondrial gradient at sites such as the lamina cribosa. The downstream consequences of these m

...embrane. The enzyme uses the energy provided by the proton electrochemical gradient as a force to drive ATP synthesis. Point mutations in ATP6 gene were identi

...ibe the interaction between particles as [[vector]]s with direction of a [[gradient]] in space, causing a change in the motion ([[acceleration]]) of the partic ...electrochemical gradient"'' - <span style="color:#FF0000"> Electrochemical gradient = Gibbs energy change?

...ic enzymes migrated together in intact mitochondria during sucrose density gradient centrifugations despite changes in the equilibrium position of the mitochon

...tation by the enzymatic capacity of utilizating the electrochemical proton gradient).

...ed with controls. In addition, accumulation of 3-NT paralleled the hypoxia gradient ''in vivo'' and 3-NT levels were increased in mitochondrial proteins. Liver

...emia or together with reperfusion, normal electron fluxes, electrochemical gradient for protons and ATP synthesis were almost completely preserved, and mitocho

...ns to the electron transport chain, maintaining the electrochemical proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane, and supporting ATP synthesis in ''

...XPHOS capacity, which remains in excess to maximize the ''p''_O2 gradient from the red blood cell to cytochrome ''c'' oxidase.

...hock were included. At days 1 and 7, PBMCs were isolated by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Mitochondrial respiration of intact septic PBMCs was assess

...mitochondrial isolation were chosen (differential centrifugation, sucrose gradient separation, a commercial kit). Samples prepared with two different methods

...r indirect role of CLPP in the process of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Gradient sedimentation analysis demonstrates an increase in the steady state levels

...a. accumulation of pre-RNA and strongly decreased levels of mRNA). Sucrose gradient sedimentation analyzes suggest that yer''077cp'' might bind to a small subu

...ub>). This electron transport is accompanied by the generation of a proton gradient across the membranes (ΔpH), allowing the production of ATP by ATP synthase

...oxidase (CcO) is the only enzyme that utilizes oxygen to produce a proton gradient for ATP production in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Mammalian Cc

...mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) – using the proton gradient generated by the respiratory chain it synthetizes approximately 90 % of cel

...lations (Northern, Southern, and Hybrid) which reside over a large thermal gradient. During acute high temperature shifts (37 °C), liver mitochondria isolated

..., and the activation of metabolic enzymes. Mitochondria maintain a calcium gradient between the matrix and the cytoplasm, via the actions of specific transport

#Rieger B, Junge W, Busch KB (2014) Lateral pH gradient between OXPHOS complex IV and F0F1 ATP-synthase in folded mitochondrial mem

...mitochondria located in nerve cell terminals (synaptosomes) using Percoll gradient centrifugation from WT (C57BL/6J) and apoE KO (Apoetn1Unc) mice. Mitochondr

...ifferent patterns in the gels. When palmitoyl-CoA was added to the sucrose gradient fractions containing OXPHOS supercomplexes in the presence of potassium cya

...into mitochondria to the generation and subsequent dissipation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, this electron transport chain driv

...|UCP1]] acts as an [[uncoupler]] by dissipating the electrochemical proton gradient ([[mitochondrial membrane potential]]), generated by the [[electron transfe

...outer membrane. Signalosomes were separated from mitochondria in a Percoll gradient and further purified to remove mitochondrial debris using Triton X-100 at 4

The impact of a lack of an electrochemical gradient substantiated by absence of glucose and presence of cyanide predisposing to

...+</sup>/K⁺ antiporter can be used to dissipate transmembrane pH gradient, which results in increased [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane

...+</sup>/K⁺ antiporter can be used to dissipate transmembrane pH gradient, which results in increased [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane

...he successive combination of various separation media for multiple density gradient centrifugation steps, at optimized volumes and centrifugation settings. Nex

.../sup>+/K⁺+ antiporter can be used to dissipate transmembrane pH gradient, which results in increased [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane

...diluted in equal volume of Phosphate Buffer Saline and layered on density-gradient media (Histopaque, Sigma Aldrich, MO, USA) before being centrifuged at 800g

...mes) from wild-type (C57BL/6J) and ApoE KO (Apoetn1Unc) mice using Percoll gradient centrifugation. Oxygen consumption of permeabilized and nonpermeabilized sy

...trength medium. Signalosomes were separated from mitochondria in a Percoll gradient and further purified to remove mitochondrial debris using Triton X-100 at 4

...+</sup>/K⁺ antiporter can be used to dissipate transmembrane pH gradient, which results in increased [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane

...ear cells (PBMC) were isolated from whole blood (15 ml) using Ficoll dense gradient centrifugation. Total PBMC were cryopreserved in Mannheim and after thawing

...I induction. Briefly, PBMCs were separated from whole blood by the density gradient centrifugation method using Histopaque solution. High-resolution respiromet

...the force driving ATP synthesis, highlighting the complex electrochemical gradient's role. ...nt, T is temperature in Kelvin, F is Faraday's constant, and ΔpH is the pH gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. If Δψ = 150 mV, T = 310 K, and ΔpH =

...function. Current thinking envisages tumor cells as compliant to an oxygen gradient within the tumor mass. Those cells on the periphery utilize oxygen whereas

...concentration is maintained at zero, and diffuses along the concentration gradient from the stirred medium to the cathode, resulting in a linear calibration b

...+</sup>/K⁺ antiporter can be used to dissipate transmembrane pH gradient, which results in increased [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane

...lls (PBMCs) were isolated from EDTA blood or heparinized blood via density gradient centrifugation (Histopaque, Sigma-Aldrich). The isolated fractions were sup

...y be ascribed mainly to the flow of water, as such, under its own activity gradient, following

...BMC were isolated from non-fasting EDTA-buffered whole blood using density gradient centrifugation procedures. Isolated intact PBMC were cryopreserved using st

...arted 1 h after blood collection. PBMC were isolated in Ficoll-Pague™ PLUS gradient centrifugation medium using 50 mL Leucosep tubes [1]. Whole blood and isola

...blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from EDTA blood via density gradient centrifugation (Histopaque, Sigma-Aldrich). The isolated fractions were sup

...13:25 || 8.4. || '''1. Four protonmotive theorems''' || diffusive pressure gradient || pressure difference and potential difference || diffusive and electric p

...ased with combustion of the macronutrients is stored initially as a proton gradient across a membrane. Subsequently, this stored energy is used to convert ADP

...H. When PTP opening becomes long-lasting, it causes collapse of the proton gradient preventing ATP synthesis, as well as equilibration of ionic gradients and s

...ysfunction. Current thinking considers tumor cells as adapted to an oxygen gradient within the tumor mass. Those cells exposed to oxygen will utilize the gas a

...flux and velocity: stationary state of diffusion in a linear concentration gradient.]]

...ere isolated from ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood by density gradient centrifugation (Histopaque, Sigma-Aldrich). The isolated fractions were sup

...by titration of established uncouplers (FCCP, DNP), to decrease the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane and measure the capacity of the ele

...L''''' = '''''u'''''·'''''c''''' in continuous transport processes along a gradient ('''''c''''' is the local concentration), or ''L'' = ''u''·''α'' (''α''

...ive. In this non-phosphorylating resting state, the electrochemical proton gradient is increased to a maximum, exerting feedback control by depressing oxygen f

...hell's four modules to four protonmotive theorems''' || diffusive pressure gradient || pressure difference and potential difference || diffusive and electric p

...production at some intermediary ''p''_O2 levels along the oxygen gradient.

...r respiratory experiments with respect to existing methods such as density gradient centrifugation 20 are that the method is quick and mitochondria are isolate :::::: Ref 29: "However, the use of tissue homogenization/density gradient centrifugation to isolate mitochondria is a disadvantage, as it may influen

...ethods on mitochondrial respiration of platelets: apheresis versus density gradient centrifugation'''<br>

...me, Demaurex Nicolas (2011) Dynamic regulation of the mitochondrial proton gradient during cytosolic calcium elevations. - [[Poburko 2011 J Biol Chem |»Biobla